漠斑牙鲆微咸水养殖试验

在盐度为2.0～3.0的微咸水条件下,用已淡化的漠斑牙鲆鱼种开展漠斑牙鲆工厂化养殖试验。经183d养殖,漠斑牙鲆平均体重由45g增长至313g,平均增重268g,日均增重1.46g,成活率92.9%,平均产量7.21kg/m2,投饲系数0.73。     

营养强化的轮虫、卤虫对牙鲆仔鱼的成活、生长及体脂肪酸组成的影响

用3种营养强化剂强化的轮虫和卤虫无节幼体投喂牙鲆仔鱼,研究牙鲆仔鱼的生长、成活、体脂肪酸的组成。结果表明:用强化的轮虫和卤虫无节幼体投喂牙鲆仔鱼,成活率、增重均显著高于对照组(p<0 01),其中V号强化剂的效果最好,成活率为29 34%,比对照组提高100%;增重倍数为217 90,比对照组提高68 61%;这是由于V号强化剂强化的卤虫无节幼体体内含有较多的AA的缘故,饵料中AA含量的提高,可以提高牙鲆仔鱼的成活率、促进其生长。牙鲆摄食强化过的轮虫、卤虫无节幼体后,其EPA、DHA、n-3HUFA、PUFA的含量随着饵料中含量的升高而升高,这也是牙鲆仔鱼生长速度和成活率提高的重要因素之一。     

3种工业废水对牙鲆胚胎的毒性效应

通过室内实验，研究了印染废水、电镀废水、农药废水3种工业废水及其混合物(等体积混合)对牙鲆胚胎的毒性效应。印染废水的主要有毒物为苯胺(20mg/L)和苯酚(24mg/L)，电镀废水主要有毒物为锌(1970mg/L)、铜(9mg/L)和铅(7．5mg/L)；农药废水及混合物主要有毒物为久效磷和亚磷酸盐。实验表明，这4种类型废水对牙鲆胚胎发育孵化有显著影响的最低体积分数分别为0．5％、0．15％、0．25％和0．25％；对牙Gf胚胎起始半数致死浓度(95％可信限，体积分数)分别为3．38％(2．29％—3．87％)、0．81％(0．71％—0．92％)、1．57％(1．37％—1．82％)和1．48％(1．24％—1，76％)。以牙鲆胚胎起始半数致死浓度(体积分数)为指标，这几种工业废水的毒性顺序为电镀废水＞农药废水＞印染废水。     

外源甲状腺素及可的松对牙鲆早期发育阶段生长、发育和变态的影响

通过外源甲状腺素（T4）及可的松浸泡卵和仔鱼,结果表明：外源甲状腺素（T4）和可的松对牙好卵的孵化率和初孵仔鱼的体长没有显著影响;外源甲状腺素（T4）对0～10日龄的仔鱼生长有显著影响,和对照组（0）相比,0．05×10-6和0．1×10－6的影响显著,外源可的松对0～10日龄的生长不显著;外源甲状腺素（T4）和可的松对11～24日龄仔鱼的生长不显著,外源甲状腺素（T4）对11～24日龄的仔鱼变态有显著影响,和对照组（0）相比,0．05×10－6和0．1×10-6的影响显著;外源可的松对11～24日龄的变态影响不显著。     

褐牙鲆消化道粘液细胞的类型及分布

采用阿利新兰—过碘酸雪夫氏反应(AB-PAS)染色法和不同pH(1.0、2.5、3.1)的AB染色法,对褐牙鲆进行显微观察,发现褐牙鲆食管、胃、幽门垂和肠道均有粘液细胞分布.根据AB-PAS染色结果将褐牙鲆粘液细胞分成Ⅰ-Ⅳ4种类型:Ⅰ型呈红色,AB呈阴性反应,PAS呈阳性反应,含中性粘多糖;Ⅱ型呈蓝色,AB呈阳性反应,PAS呈阴性反应,含酸性粘多糖;Ⅲ型呈紫红色,AB和PAS均呈阳性反应,主要含有PAS呈阳性反应的中性粘多糖,同时含有少量AB呈阳性反应的酸性粘多糖;Ⅳ型呈蓝紫色,AB和PAS均呈阳性反应,主要含有AB呈阳性反应的酸性粘多糖,同时含有少量PAS呈阳性反应的中性粘多糖.AB(pH 2.5、3.1)染色显示,粘液细胞含酸性粘液(蓝色);AB(pH 1.0)染色显示,粘液细胞含弱的和强的硫酸化酸性粘液(蓝色).食管、胃、幽门垂和肠道含有大量粘液细胞,食管和中后肠以Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型细胞为主,幽门垂和前肠含有许多Ⅰ型细胞,胃只含大量的Ⅰ型细胞.通过对各部位粘液细胞的分类和比较可以看出,粘液细胞的分布和类型与其所在部位执行的功能有密切的关系.     

金银花等复方草药对牙鲆生长、消化和免疫能力的影响

将大(394.5～401.8g)、中(283.8～324.3g)、小(94.5～112.3g)3种规格的牙鲆(Paralichthysolivaceus)放养在8个10.0m×10.0m×0.8m水泥池中,投喂含金银花、人参和山楂等中草药的饲料。经28d、56d和83d的饲养表明,摄食含中草药饲料的大、中、小规格鱼的瞬时增重率分别比对照组提高22.4%、18.9%和2.9%(P<0.05);饲料系数分别下降20.77%、4.26%～39.42%和12.14%,饲料转化效率提高3.0%～36.4%、23.53%和11.1%(P<0.05);胃和肠蛋白酶活性分别显著地提高11.66%、13.49%、9.13%和11.3%、16.64%、8.55%(P<0.05);胃和肠淀粉酶活性分别提高2.63%、3.77%、2.31%和6.5%、14.47%、5.54%,但差异不显著(P>0.05);血清溶菌酶和总蛋白含量分别提高12.43%、15.38%～17.31%、14.43%～17.56%和7.07%、5.28%～11.54%和7.82%～8.75%,但各组间差异不显著(P>0.05);血清SOD活力显著提高9.53%、9.09%和15.14%(P<0.05)。     

恩诺沙星在大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)、牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)和半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)体内的残留消除规律

本研究比较了在20℃水温条件下恩诺沙星(Enrofloxacin)在3种主要养殖鲆鲽鱼[大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)、牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)和半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)]体内的残留消除规律。选择体重为300–400 g 的健康2龄大菱鲆、牙鲆和半滑舌鳎,以10 mg/kg 的剂量连续3 d 通过灌胃的方式分别给予恩诺沙星后,于1、3、6、10、15、20、25、30、35、40 d 采集血浆、肝、鳃、肌肉和肾组织。利用高效液相色谱法检测血浆和各组织中的恩诺沙星浓度,拟合恩诺沙星在3种鲆鲽鱼体内的消除曲线,计算消除半衰期。结果显示,3种鲆鲽鱼的组织中,恩诺沙星在肾中残留浓度最高,其消除速度依次为牙鲆>大菱鲆>半滑舌鳎,其消除半衰期分别为3.75、6.54、7.37 d;恩诺沙星在大菱鲆、牙鲆和半滑舌鳎血浆中的消除比其代谢产物环丙沙星慢;综合比较恩诺沙星在3种鲆鲽鱼血浆和大多数组织中的消除规律,均呈现出牙鲆体内消除最快,大菱鲆次之,半滑舌鳎最慢的趋势。依据我国无公害水产品中恩诺沙星最高残留限量为50μg/kg 的标准,建议在20℃水温条件下使用恩诺沙星防治鲆鲽鱼细菌性疾病时的休药期为：大菱鲆44 d、牙鲆33 d、半滑舌鳎47 d 以上。     

温度和元素浓度对Sr在褐牙鲆仔稚鱼耳石中的沉积影响

科学认识鱼类耳石中微量元素沉积与主要水环境因子的关系是基于耳石微化学方法重新构建鱼类生活史及反演其环境履历的重要前提。本研究以环境与耳石中重要元素Sr为例，研究在不同水温(16℃、19℃和22℃)和不同元素浓度(1×、2×和3×Sr)下Sr在褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)仔稚鱼耳石形成生长过程中(孵化后15~93 d)的沉积(Sr∶Ca比)特征。结果显示，在不同水温下，耳石中Sr∶Ca比随水体中Sr浓度的升高呈线性增长，而元素分配系数(DSr)随元素浓度的升高先降低然后趋于稳定。在不同Sr浓度下，耳石中Sr∶Ca比及DSr均随水温升高呈增长趋势，二者在22℃时的值均显著高于在其他水温时的值。耳石中Sr沉积能够表征褐牙鲆仔稚鱼所经历的水环境中Sr浓度和水温的变化，可作为元素指纹应用于褐牙鲆早期生活史的重建和环境履历的反演。     

Structural characteristics and succession of intestinal microbiota for Paralichthys olivaceus during the early life stage

The research of intestinal microflora structures for Paralichthys olivaceus larvae and juveniles will help us to master the ontogeny and developmental colonization of microflora during the larval rearing stage. In this study, we sequenced the total bacterial genomic DNA in larval and juvenile guts with an Illumina MiSeq PE300 system, and analysed the structural characteristics of these microbiota, feed and rearing water in live and formulated feeding periods. The structure of gut microbiota was gradually similar to those in wild P. olivaceus at the phylum level and the newly hatched ones with the growth, according to the distribution and abundance of intestinal microbiota. And the colonized rule of main microbial species in guts was decreased initially and then increased during the larvae and juveniles stage. Meantime, the core microflora of this study were obtained through the analysis of shared and dominant species, which included Bacteroides, Bacillus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Escherichia_Shigella, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Nitrosomonas, and Glaciecola. The correlation analysis of microbiota between intestines and environmental factors suggested that microflora in feed and water could affect the distribution of larval and juvenile gut microbiota. Moreover, many species of Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Vibrio are treated as important potential pathogens in aquaculture. These all pointed out the microbial quality of feed and rearing water should be strictly controlled in fish breeding and farming, and supply theoretical bases for screening the native probiotics to artificially regulate the gut microbiota.     

Effect of Two Novel Experimental Microdiet Types on Growth,Survival, and Pigmentation during the Weaning Period of the Fine Flounder,Paralichthys adspersus,Larvae

The aim of this study was to evaluate two new types of experimental weaning microdiets for fish larvae, using the same formulation, but with different manufacturing processes, microextrusion marumerization (MEM) and particle‐assisted rotational agglomeration (PARA). Both microdiets were compared to a commercial microdiet, Otohime? (OTO), during the weaning of the fine flounder, Paralichthys adspersus . Weaning was achieved by cofeeding with live food from 40 to 50 d after hatch (d.a.h.). Thereafter, only the microdiets were fed to the end of the study (60 d.a.h.), where the total length, dry weight, and survival rates were 15.9 ± 3.20, 14.3 ± 1.72, and 14.4 ± 2.28 mm; 8.83 ± 3.40, 5.53 ± 2.85, and 7.10 ± 3.56 mg; 18.1, 16.3, and 15.2%, for OTO, MEM, and PARA, respectively. The dry weight and total length were significantly higher (P < 0.05) for larvae fed OTO compared with those fed MEM. There were no differences between the other comparisons. Based on these results, any of the two experimental microdiets can be used for future investigations. However, we recommend the PARA microdiets because the manufacturing process produces less‐dense and smaller particle size diets, reducing sinking rates and increasing the probability of the larvae in detecting and ingesting the diet.